The Blue Bird was conceived as an unusually ambitious American-Soviet cultural collaboration during the Cold War. Producer Edward Lewis had optioned Maurice Maeterlinck's play in 1968 and spent years trying to arrange a production through an international exchange program. In 1974, he reached an agreement with the Soviet studio Lenfilm, with the screenplay developed by American writer Alfred Hayes and Soviet writer Aleksei Kapler. Lewis first chose the politically outspoken American director Arthur Penn, but Soviet authorities rejected Penn as 'too liberal.' The compromise was George Cukor, whose reputation as a veteran Hollywood craftsman made him appear politically safer and more acceptable to both sides. Lewis also reportedly persuaded the Soviet partners to participate by promising that Marlon Brando would appear, although Brando never joined the cast. The result was a production shaped as much by diplomacy and ideological bargaining as by artistic decisions, a compromise that critics later felt had drained the film of a distinctive American or Russian identity.
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