On March 16, 1968, soldiers of Charlie Company, 1st Battalion, 20th Infantry Regiment, Americal Division, massacred unarmed civilians in the Sơn Mỹ village complex — an atrocity that would become one of the defining scandals of the Vietnam War. For nearly a year the killings were obscured by military reports until whistleblowers (notably Ron Ridenhour) and investigative journalism by Seymour Hersh exposed the scope of what happened. Warrant Officer Hugh Thompson Jr., the helicopter pilot who landed between Marines and fleeing villagers to rescue survivors, later emerged as one of the few military figures publicly acknowledged for defying a unit-wide crime. The subsequent Army investigations and courts-martial — most famously the prosecution and 1971 conviction of Lieutenant William Calley for murder — produced bitter national debate, protests, and a sense that a systemic cover-up had been attempted by commanders who failed to stop or report the massacre.
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