On June 3, 1968, the flamboyant center of the New York art world that Warhol had built at The Factory was pierced by violence when Valerie Solanas—author of the incendiary SCUM Manifesto and a marginal, embittered presence in Warhol’s orbit—arrived and shot Andy Warhol at point-blank range. Warhol was critically wounded and required emergency surgery; the attack left him physically scarred, dependent on pain medication for a time, and psychologically altered. The shooting is one of the defining traumatic moments of Warhol’s life: beyond the immediate medical crisis, it catalyzed a transformation in his public persona and the way he ran his studio. Where once The Factory was an open, chaotic salon of collaborators and hangers-on, Warhol became more guarded and businesslike, instituting tighter security and cultivating a lesser degree of the reckless openness that had made the place infamous.
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