Maury M. Cohen / Invincible Pictures (Chesterfield & Invincible) / 1930s
Maury M. Cohen’s career on Poverty Row is less a quaint footnote than a running sore for the Golden Age studio system. In the early 1930s Cohen founded Invincible Pictures and immediately allied his shop with George R. Batcheller’s Chesterfield Pictures to operate as the notorious “C and I” team. With micro‑budgets (often around $10,000), frantic shooting schedules measured in days rather than weeks, stock footage and inserted musical numbers to pad running times, Cohen’s companies specialized in the cheap second feature that exhibitors wanted during the Depression. By 1933 C and I parlayed that economy into a production and distribution deal with Universal that let the indies use major‑studio sets, film and recording equipment — an advantage that translated into surprisingly decent audible quality for their films and stung the majors.
Cohen didn’t stop at better prints. In 1933 he was front and center in a cottage‑industry movement among independents to alter National Recovery Administration (NRA) rules so that theaters could reliably program a second feature; this was a direct affront to the majors, which had fought the double bill as a price‑cutting erosion of their product. The popularity of bargain double bills hastened the majors’ creation of in‑house “B” units, but it also provoked ongoing industry warfare: Cohen negotiated deals (notably with Allied in 1936 to try to raise his films’ caliber), left Invincible to sign with RKO via Samuel J. Briskin in late 1936, and watched as Herbert Yates swallowed many Poverty Row remnants into Republic Pictures. The push and pull culminated in a 1940 government antitrust complaint in which Cohen was named among independents alleging the majors systematically excluded outside producers — a legal manifestation of the decades‑long structural control the studio system exercised. The immediate fallout was mixed: the double feature became standard programming (hurting studio pricing power), Republic emerged as a consolidated low‑budget force, and the antitrust pressures foreshadowed later, more sweeping legal assaults on studio monopolies. Cohen’s crusade is thus a rare, documented example of a small‑time producer forcing major changes in how Hollywood packaged and priced its product.
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