Thomas Simpson — the ambitious Scottish HBC explorer who had just helped close huge gaps in the mapping of the Canadian Arctic — died in a frontier ambush on 14 June 1840 under circumstances that have haunted polar scholarship ever since. Traveling south from the Red River Colony with four Métis companions (Antoine Legros Sr., Antoine Legros Jr., John Bird and James Bruce) so he could return to Britain in person rather than wait for bureaucratic permission, Simpson was found in a wilderness camp near the Turtle River (now in North Dakota) after a bloody nighttime episode. According to the depositions that reached U.S. territorial authorities, Simpson shot and killed John Bird and mortally wounded Legros Sr.; the two survivors, Bruce and Legros Jr., fled to the main party and reported a murder–suicide. A posse found Simpson with a fatal wound and his shotgun beside him; the official ruling was murder–suicide based on witness statements.
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