With negotiations reportedly close to resolving many demands, New York Governor Nelson Rockefeller—who, the record notes, had presidential ambitions—refused repeated requests to go to Attica to broker a deal. On September 13 he authorized a massive retaking by some 1,000 state troopers, deputies, corrections officers and members of the National Guard. After a helicopter delivered a cloud of tear gas, the retaking devolved into indiscriminate shooting; law-enforcement officers fired roughly 2,000 rounds. The official toll was horrific: 29 inmates and 10 hostages killed. In the immediate aftermath scores of surviving prisoners were beaten and tortured; hundreds were seriously wounded and initially denied medical care. Even small human tragedies within the chaos—Corporal William Quinn had died earlier after being trampled during the uprising, Michael Smith (later the inspiration for the rookie officer in the 1994 film) was shot four times by a bullet whose shooter was never publicly identified, and inmate leaders like the film’s composite Jamaal X were wounded—were compounded by a wider pattern of reprisal and obfuscation. The event left lasting scars: investigations, lawsuits, and enduring accusations that state officials sacrificed lives to avoid political embarrassment, while the violent re-taking and subsequent mistreatment of prisoners prompted decades-long scrutiny of prison conditions and state accountability.
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