In 1928 Keaton traded the precarious independence of his own production unit for the security of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer after a deal arranged by studio heavyweight Nicholas Schenck. It was sold to Keaton as relief from the financial hazards of independent production, but it also came with pre‑negotiated salaries, studio bureaucracy, and the absolute factory discipline of Louis B. Mayer's MGM. Where Keaton had once reworked gags on the fly and conceived entire sequences himself, MGM demanded scripts, production managers and approvals—down to requisition paperwork—and refused to let him originate properties from scratch. Irving Thalberg initially treated him well, but even Thalberg could not overcome the studio’s system: Keaton found he was now ‘the star’ rather than the auteur, forced to accept studio-paired comics, double-takes and foreign-language shooting strategies, and even forbidden to film his preferred sound picture when the studio deemed the silent version more valuable overseas. The result was a rapid hollowing-out of his artistic authority, the loss of creative ownership over staging and stunt work, and a decline in both the quality of his films and his personal morale—an archetypal example of how the studio system chewed up a major artist and converted him into a commodity.
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