In 1957, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer abruptly dismantled the animation department responsible for Tom and Jerry, one of the most celebrated cartoon series of the era. The studio ordered Hanna and Barbera's business manager to close the unit and notify the staff of their layoffs by telephone, giving the employees no advance warning. The decision stunned Hanna and Barbera because the Tom and Jerry cartoons remained enormously popular and had won seven Academy Awards. MGM's executives, however, were increasingly focused on the economics of television: re-releasing older cartoons cost far less than producing new theatrical shorts, and the studio concluded that animation was no longer a worthwhile investment. The sudden shutdown ended Hanna and Barbera's seventeen-year MGM partnership with the theatrical unit, but it also forced them into an independent venture. Later that year they founded Hanna-Barbera Productions, turning an impersonal studio dismissal into the beginning of the television-animation empire that would produce The Flintstones, The Jetsons, Scooby-Doo, and dozens of other series.
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