The death-haunted plot of All That Jazz grew directly out of a real medical crisis. In 1974, while simultaneously editing Lenny and staging the Broadway musical Chicago, director-choreographer Bob Fosse suffered a massive heart attack and underwent open-heart surgery. The experience left him fascinated—and apparently unsettled—by the rituals of hospitalization, the clinical machinery surrounding death, and the way artists and loved ones behave when a powerful, self-destructive person is suddenly helpless. Fosse and screenwriter Robert Alan Aurthur initially pursued a darker adaptation of Hilma Wolitzer's Ending, a story involving death and marital problems, but Fosse abandoned it after deciding that the material was too depressing to sustain through an entire production. Instead, he reshaped his own crisis and professional life into a surreal musical confession.
The result was Joe Gideon, played by Roy Scheider: a chain-smoking, pill-taking, womanizing director who tries to edit a film and mount a Broadway show while his heart fails. The fictional Gideon's hospital confinement, open-heart operation, hallucinated Angel of Death, and final backstage-style farewell are grotesque exaggerations of Fosse's experience rather than a literal biography. The film's autobiographical parallels were unmistakable: Gideon's film-within-the-film echoes Lenny, his Broadway production echoes Chicago, and the character of Audrey Paris reflects Fosse's wife and longtime collaborator Gwen Verdon. The production also became Aurthur's final completed film work; he died in 1978, roughly a year before the movie's release. Fosse survived his earlier heart attack, but All That Jazz transformed that near-fatal event into one of cinema's most elaborate artistic self-obituaries.
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