Thomas Simpson—Scotsman, Hudson's Bay Company officer and one of the most promising Arctic surveyors of the 1830s—died under violent and contested circumstances on 14 June 1840 near the Turtle River in territory then described as Iowa (now North Dakota). Traveling south from the Red River Colony to reach a route home to Britain, Simpson left the main party with four Métis companions: Antoine Legros Sr., Antoine Legros Jr., John Bird and James Bruce. According to the depositions taken by U.S. territorial authorities and later published accounts, a panic or fraying of nerves culminated in violence at a wilderness camp: Simpson allegedly shot Bird dead and mortally wounded Legros Sr.; Bruce and Legros Jr. fled to fetch help from the larger party; when the posse returned they found Legros Sr. dead and Simpson alive but fatally wounded five minutes later, with a shotgun beside him. Witness testimony—notably Bruce’s —recounts Simpson accusing his companions of a plot to "murder him ... for his papers," and the official territorial ruling was murder–suicide.
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