Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford, Charlie Chaplin, and D. W. Griffith / 1910s
At the height of silent-film stardom, Douglas Fairbanks and his fellow stars Mary Pickford and Charlie Chaplin faced a studio system increasingly determined to control every stage of the movie business. The major studios attempted to monopolize distributors and exhibitors, a structure that threatened to limit the stars' artistic independence while also putting pressure on their enormous salaries. Fairbanks, who had become Hollywood's most popular actor by 1918 and one of its highest-paid figures, joined Pickford, Chaplin, and director D. W. Griffith in a direct challenge to that system. In 1919, the four founded United Artists, creating their own distribution company rather than remaining entirely dependent on the studios that financed and circulated most films. The arrangement gave them unusual control over the films they made and over the profits those films generated. It was a remarkable act of institutional rebellion: instead of merely negotiating better contracts, the industry's most powerful creative figures attempted to build an alternative business structure. Fairbanks remained connected with United Artists for the rest of his life, although the company and its founders later struggled to maintain the same dominance as Hollywood moved into the sound era and the studio system consolidated its power.
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