At Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, Joseph Barbera and William Hanna created the Tom and Jerry shorts that became one of the most successful series in animation history. Yet the studio's credit system placed their supervisor, Fred Quimby, in the position of official producer. Quimby accepted each of the Academy Awards won by the cartoons without inviting Hanna or Barbera onto the stage, even though the pair had directed and shaped the films. The arrangement echoed the very practice Quimby had objected to when Rudolf Ising was credited for producing Puss Gets the Boot despite not having worked on it. The imbalance was not merely ceremonial: Quimby also delayed a promised raise for Barbera by six months. Hanna and Barbera eventually took charge of MGM's animation division when Quimby retired in late 1955, but their new authority came just as the studio was abandoning theatrical animation. Their experience became an early example of how the studio system could profit from creative partnerships while controlling official credit, compensation, and public recognition.
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