Budd Schulberg’s career contains one of the sharper ironies of Cold War Hollywood: an insider who had once been a member of the Communist Party U.S.A. became a highly controversial HUAC witness. Schulberg had already broken with the Party in the early 1940s after party officials — notably screenwriter John Howard Lawson — tried to dictate changes to his breakout novel What Makes Sammy Run? (1941). That split was personal and artistic, but in 1951 the Red Scare returned to define reputations. Screenwriter Richard Collins named Schulberg in his testimony to the House Un-American Activities Committee, and Schulberg then appeared before the committee as a ‘friendly witness,’ publicly explaining how the Party attempted to influence his fiction and “naming names” of other Hollywood communists. The episode epitomized the poisoned choices facing writers and studio players: betray former comrades and survive in the industry, or refuse and risk blacklisting. Schulberg’s testimony provoked bitter debate among peers — seen by some as principled opposition to political censorship and by others as capitulation that helped fuel the blacklist’s human wreckage — and it hardened the schisms between Hollywood’s leftist artists and studio management during the McCarthy era.
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