Thomas J. Armat / Phantoscope (with Charles Francis Jenkins) / 1890s
Thomas Armat's rise to early cinema fame is inseparable from a bitter patent quarrel that reads like a proto-Hollywood backroom deal. Armat met classmate Charles Francis Jenkins at the Bliss Electrical School in Washington, D.C., in 1894; together they developed a projector using a new "beater" intermittent motion and an independent implementation of the Latham loop. They publicly demonstrated their Phantoscope in September 1895 at the Cotton States and International Exposition in Atlanta, but the honeymoon ended almost immediately. A ferocious dispute over who actually owned the invention erupted: Jenkins later tried to claim sole inventorship, a move that was rejected in the subsequent wrangling, and he ultimately sold his share to Armat. That sale set the stage for a second, more consequential transaction — Armat sold the patent to Thomas Edison, who promptly repackaged and marketed the machine as the "Vitascope." Edison then staged a high‑profile New York engagement beginning April 23, 1896, that ran for more than a week and helped cement public association of the new projection technology with Edison's name rather than that of its true inventors.
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