Caligula began as an attempt to fuse an expensive historical epic with the explicit ambitions of Penthouse founder Bob Guccione, but the production quickly became a three-way struggle over authorship and control. Guccione paid Gore Vidal $200,000 for a screenplay originally titled Gore Vidal's Caligula. Vidal imagined the emperor as a basically decent man corrupted by absolute power, and his draft placed considerable emphasis on homosexuality and political psychology. Director Tinto Brass rejected Vidal's approach, calling the screenplay the work of an 'ageing arteriosclerotic,' and agreed to direct only after being allowed to reshape it. Brass transformed the project into a more aggressively visual and grotesque descent into tyranny, adding orgies, decorative phalluses, nudity, and brutal tableaux. When Vidal publicly described directors as 'parasites,' Brass demanded that he be removed from the set, and Guccione sided with the director. Vidal then filed a contractual dispute and publicly called Brass a 'megalomaniac'; Brass threatened to publish his version of the script if Vidal truly provoked him. Vidal's name was stripped from the film's title, while the credits reduced his role to 'adapted from a screenplay by Gore Vidal.' The rupture was only the beginning: Brass was permitted to edit roughly the first hour before Guccione removed him from post-production and had the rough cut dismantled, reassembled, and rescored by others. Brass ultimately disowned the finished film, which credited him only for 'principal photography.'
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