Beyond geopolitical headlines, the film provoked a nuanced and heated debate inside the documentary community and the Russian‑speaking emigre world. Because much of the material was recorded covertly in a functioning school, critics — including some Ukrainian viewers and members of the emigre community, as reported by outlets such as Meduza — argued that Talankin had filmed minors and colleagues without informed parental consent, exposing them to potential legal and physical risk. Supporters defended the footage as vital evidence of how the Putin administration militarized and politicized classrooms after 2022; detractors accused Talankin of cultivating a heroic persona tailored for festival audiences, and even suggested moments looked staged or amplified for dramatic effect.
The controversy extended into institutional corridors: Lucie Kon of the BBC is credited with advising on the security protocols used to get footage out of Russia, but the ethical questions about consent and risk remained central to post‑premiere coverage. Critics in publications from The A.V. Club to The Independent questioned the film’s focus and framing; Ukrainian viewers and some émigrés felt the film underplayed collaboration and apathy in favor of a single dissident narrative. The row is now part of an ongoing conversation about the ethics of undercover documentary work under authoritarian regimes — whether the evidentiary value of exposing harm outweighs the documented risks to those filmed without explicit consent.
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