Clifford Irving entered F for Fake as the author of a book about Elmyr de Hory, the celebrated art forger whose alleged masterpieces had fooled collectors and dealers. During the film’s production, however, Irving became famous—or infamous—for a deception of his own. He had fabricated an “authorized” biography of the intensely private billionaire Howard Hughes, complete with purported interviews and intimate revelations about Hughes’s eccentric behavior. Irving presented the manuscript as genuine and persuaded McGraw-Hill to pay a substantial advance, while Hughes, who had withdrawn from public life, initially seemed unable to respond directly. The hoax unraveled when Hughes made a rare public statement by telephone, denying that he had ever met Irving or authorized the book. Irving was prosecuted, convicted of fraud, and imprisoned. The revelation radically changed Welles’s film: footage originally centered on de Hory was re-edited to place Irving’s literary forgery beside de Hory’s painted ones, turning the production itself into an investigation of experts, signatures, reputations, and the machinery that allows fraud to pass as authenticity.
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