The controversy never became a courtroom slam-dunk. Experts stressed that proving radiation caused specific individual cancers decades later is exceptionally difficult; defenders also pointed to heavy tobacco use among some principals (John Wayne was a notorious chain smoker) as alternate explanations. Even so, voices like Dr. Robert Pendleton, a University of Utah biologist, argued in 1980 that the raw numbers 'could qualify as an epidemic' and would likely stand up in court because a far smaller number of cancers would be expected statistically in a comparable group. The furor left cultural and business fallout: Howard Hughes reportedly felt guilty about filming at a hazardous site, bought up every print of the film for some $12 million and kept it out of circulation for years (Universal finally purchased the rights in 1979). The result is a movie that lives as much as an artifact of midcentury studio excess, secrecy and hubris as it does a famously bad bit of casting — a production forever haunted by the suspicion that the location choice turned a historical spectacle into a long, slow human tragedy.
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