Steven Spielberg's 1975 production became infamous for mechanical failures almost immediately. Three full-size mechanical great white sharks were constructed under the supervision of production designer Joe Alves and special-effects artist Robert A. Mattey, then shipped to Martha's Vineyard for location filming. The crucial problem was that the sharks had never actually been tested in seawater. When the full model was placed in the Atlantic, it sank to the ocean floor, forcing divers to recover it before the production could continue. The shark mechanisms were later repeatedly damaged when salt water corroded their hydraulic systems, and the production team nicknamed the machines "Bruce" after Spielberg's lawyer.
The ocean itself created additional disasters: sailboats drifted into shots, cameras were soaked, the filming schedule was repeatedly disrupted by weather and tides, and the Orca began to sink while actors were aboard. The mounting delays pushed the budget from an estimated $4 million to approximately $9 million. Ironically, the malfunctioning sharks helped create the film's most influential visual strategy. Because Spielberg could not reliably show the creature, he relied on yellow barrels, a dorsal fin, underwater menace, John Williams' ominous score, and the characters' reactions. The production crisis that threatened to ruin Jaws ultimately produced the unseen, suspense-driven style that made it a landmark of modern thriller filmmaking.
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