John Schlesinger approached The Believers as more than a routine Satanic-panic thriller. After acquiring the rights to Nicholas Conde’s novel The Religion, Schlesinger and screenwriter Mark Frost spent roughly a year adapting it and researching Santería, the Afro-Caribbean religion at the center of the story. Because practitioners traditionally guarded many of the religion’s rituals from outsiders, the filmmakers relied on Carla Pinza, who played Carmen Ruiz, as a technical adviser; Pinza was an initiated Santería priestess. Schlesinger reportedly wanted to distinguish benevolent Santería from the film’s fictionalized black-magic practice, brujería, and therefore gave Carmen’s character protective rituals rather than making every religious practitioner a villain. The finished film nevertheless presents its wealthy antagonists as devotees of a murderous sacrificial cult and uses animal sacrifice, charms, blood, curses, and ritual murder as horror imagery. Critics including Roger Ebert condemned the treatment as prejudicial, arguing that Hollywood repeatedly reduced Caribbean religions to blank-eyed killers, bloodthirsty cults, and demands for innocent blood while failing to explain the meaning of the rituals it borrowed. Cultural commentary later noted that the film brought Santería public attention but also negative publicity, exposing the tension between Schlesinger’s stated attempt at authenticity and the sensationalized imagery required by an exploitation-oriented horror film.
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